Treatment of ruminant exhalations

ABSTRACT

Methane gas in a ruminant exhalation may be oxidized to reduce the amount of methane gas output by the ruminant.

SUMMARY

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be inany way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments,and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and featureswill become apparent by reference to the drawings and the followingdetailed description.

In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises a device suitable forretention in a nasal passage of a ruminant, the device being arranged topass a ruminant exhalation, the device including a first structureconfigured to oxidize methane gas in the ruminant exhalation, the devicebeing further arranged to pass products of the oxidized methane gastoward a nasal passage exit.

In one embodiment, a method comprises receiving a ruminant exhalation ina first region of the nasal passage of a ruminant, and oxidizing methanegas in the ruminant exhalation at least partially within the firstregion of the nasal passage of the ruminant.

In one embodiment, a method comprises: receiving a first input signalcorresponding to a first measurement of a ruminant exhalation, the firstmeasurement corresponding to an un-oxidized portion of the ruminantexhalation; receiving a second input signal corresponding to a secondmeasurement of a ruminant exhalation, the second measurementcorresponding to an oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation; andproducing a first output signal based on a difference between the firstinput signal and the second input signal.

In one embodiment, a method comprises: receiving a first input signalcorresponding to a difference between a first measurement of a ruminantexhalation obtained prior to oxidation of the exhalation and a secondmeasurement of a ruminant exhalation obtained after oxidation of theexhalation; and producing a first output signal based on the receivedfirst input signal and corresponding to an amount of methane oxidized inthe oxidation of the exhalation.

In one embodiment, a method comprises: receiving a first input signalcorresponding to a first measurement of a ruminant exhalation obtainedafter oxidation, within a nasal passage of the ruminant, of theexhalation; and producing a first output signal based on the receivedfirst input signal and corresponding to an amount of methane oxidized inthe oxidation of the exhalation.

In one embodiment, a method comprises detecting a post-oxidation levelof methane exiting a ruminant; and responsive to the detecting,producing an indicator of the post-oxidation level.

In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises: circuitry configured toreceive a first input signal corresponding to a first measurement of aruminant exhalation, the first measurement corresponding to anun-oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation; circuitry configured toreceive a second input signal corresponding to a second measurement of aruminant exhalation, the second measurement corresponding to an oxidizedportion of the ruminant exhalation; and circuitry configured to producea first output signal based on a difference between the first inputsignal and the second input signal.

In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises: circuitry configured toreceive a first input signal corresponding to a difference between afirst measurement of a ruminant exhalation obtained prior to oxidationof the exhalation and a second measurement of a ruminant exhalationobtained after oxidation of the exhalation; and circuitry configured toproduce a first output signal based on a the received first input signaland corresponding to an amount of methane oxidized in the oxidation ofthe exhalation.

In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises: circuitry configured toreceive a first input signal corresponding to a first measurement of aruminant exhalation obtained after oxidation, within a nasal passage ofthe ruminant, of the exhalation; and circuitry configured to produce afirst output signal based on the received first input signal andcorresponding to an amount of methane oxidized in the oxidation of theexhalation.

In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises a device attachable to thenasal septum of a ruminant and a first structure supported by the deviceand arranged to oxidize methane gas in an exhalation of the ruminant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a device suitable for insertion into the nasal passage of aruminant.

FIG. 2 shows the device of FIG. 1 and a cow.

FIG. 3 shows a substrate, a washcoat support, and a catalyst.

FIG. 4 shows a device suitable for insertion into the nasal passage of aruminant with other elements of an apparatus.

FIGS. 5-9 are each flow charts illustrative of a method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented here.

Catalytic converters are used to reduce pollution from vehicleemissions. A configuration similar to that of a catalytic converter fora vehicle may be used to reduce emissions of certain gasses such asmethane (CH₄) from an animal.

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an apparatus 100 comprising a device 102suitable for retention in or attachable to a nasal passage of aruminant, the device 102 being arranged to pass a ruminant exhalation104, the device 102 including a first structure 108 configured tooxidize methane gas in the ruminant exhalation 104, the device 102 beingfurther arranged to pass products of the oxidized methane gas toward anasal passage exit in a direction 106. The ruminant may be a cow, asheep, a goat, or a different animal.

As the ruminant exhalation 104 travels through the device 102 in thedirection 106, the first structure 108 may be configured to oxidizemethane gas in the ruminant exhalation 104. The device 102 may beconfigured such that when the animal is inhaling and gasses are flowingin the direction 112, the animal may breathe normally.

The first structure 108 is shown in FIG. 1 as having substantially 2Dradial symmetry. However, the composition of the first structure 108 maybe selected to maximize the exposure of the ruminant exhalation 104 tothe surface area of the first structure 108. For example, the firststructure 108 may include a substantially 3D honeycomb structure,wherein the cell size of the honeycomb may be selected to maximize thesurface area of the first structure 108, while still allowing passage ofthe ruminant exhalation 104. Or, the first structure 108 may include asubstantially spiral coil. While a honeycomb and spiral coil are givenas two examples of the composition of the first structure 108, the firststructure may take a variety of forms, including a rectilinear geometry,a substantially random geometry, or a different geometry selectedaccording to the application.

The first structure 108 may be formed from a variety of materials. Forexample, in some embodiments the first structure may be formed from acatalyst selected to oxidize methane gas, including but not limited to anoble metal (such as palladium, platinum, gold, and/or a different noblemetal), a rare earth element, a metal oxide, a transition metal, and/ora different catalyst or material. In some embodiments, the firststructure may be formed from a substrate such as a ceramic and/or ametal and may be coated with a material selected to oxidize methane gas.In an embodiment, which will be described in greater detail with respectto FIG. 3, the first structure 108 may include a first substrate, afirst washcoat support, and a first catalyst carried by the washcoatsupport.

In some embodiments the first structure 108 may be heated, wherein thefirst structure 108 may oxidize methane gas with greater efficiency in aselected temperature range, which will be described in greater detailwith respect to FIG. 4.

The apparatus may further comprise a first detector 114 supported by thedevice 102 and arranged to detect a substance such as methane, a methaneoxidation product (such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, or adifferent product), or a different substance proximate to a firstlocation on the'device 102. For example, the detector 114 may beconfigured to detect an amount of the substance in a region, a thresholdlevel of the substance, or it may detect the substance in a differentway. The first location may be selected such that the detector 114 isarranged to detect a substance in an un-oxidized portion of the ruminantexhalation. For example, it may simply detect in a region that isupstream (specifically, upstream during exhalation) from the firststructure 108 or otherwise detect the substance in the ruminantexhalation 104 prior to oxidation of the exhalation.

The first location may be selected such that the first detector 114 isarranged to detect a substance in a portion of the ruminant exhalationthat bypasses the first structure 108. For example, FIG. 1 shows thefirst structure 108 as having a cross-section that substantially spansthe width of the device 102. However, in some embodiments the firststructure 108 may occupy only a fraction of the width of the device,such that a portion of the ruminant exhalation 104 may pass through thedevice 102 without being oxidized. In this case, a first detector 114may be arranged to detect the amount of a substance in the portion ofthe ruminant exhalation 104 that bypasses the first structure 108.Another way this may occur is in an embodiment where the device 102includes more than one channel, where in this embodiment one or morechannels may be configured without a first structure 108 such that theportion of the ruminant exhalation that passes through these channelsremains un-oxidized, and a detector such as the first detector 114 maybe placed in one or more channels not having a first structure 108, inorder to detect a substance in the un-oxidized portion of the ruminantexhalation. In some embodiments the device 102 may include at least twodifferent channels having one-way valves such that one channel isconfigured to pass the ruminant exhalation in the direction 106 and onechannel is configured to pass ambient air in the direction 112; in suchan embodiment the first structure 108 could be situated such thatambient air passing in the direction 112 would not pass through and beheated by the first structure 108. In such an embodiment the valvescould be actively controlled dependent on a detected level of methaneand/or methane oxidation product.

The apparatus may further comprise a second detector 116 supported bythe device 102 and arranged to detect a substance such as methane, amethane oxidation product (such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,water, or a different product), or a different substance proximate to asecond location on the device 102, the second location being differentfrom the first location. Similarly to the first detector 114, a detector116 may be configured to detect an amount of the substance in a region,a threshold level of the substance, or it may detect the substance in adifferent way. The first and second detectors 114, 116 may be configuredto detect the same substance, different substances, or in someembodiments they may each be configured to detect a multitude ofsubstances, in which case the substances they are configured to detectmay be the same, different, or partially overlapping.

The first and second detectors 114, 116 may be any kind of detectorconfigured to detect a gas. For example, they may include one or morespectroscopic detectors (which may include, for example, a laser orother source of electromagnetic energy), one or more detectors includinga carbon nanotube (as described in, “CARBON NANOTUBES AS ACTIVECOMPONENTS FOR GAS DETECTORS”, Wei-De Zhang et al., Journal of Sensors,Volume 2009, Article 160698, which is incorporated herein by reference),and/or a different kind of detector.

In some embodiments, the first structure 108 may have an on state and anoff state. For example, the first structure 108 may oxidize methane gasoptimally in a first temperature range ΔT₁ and the first structure 108may be considered to be in an on state while it is within the firsttemperature range ΔT₁. Similarly, the first structure 108 may providelittle or no oxidation of methane gas in a second temperature range ΔT₂,and the first structure 108 may be considered to be in an off statewhile it is within the second temperature range ΔT₂. Thus, the first andsecond detectors 114, 116 may be configured such that one detects anamount of substance in the ruminant exhalation 104 when the firststructure 108 is in the on state, and the other detects an amount ofsubstance in the ruminant exhalation 104 when the first structure 108 isin an off state. Further, there may be more than two detectors, and thedetectors may be configured in such a way as to provide the desiredmeasurements according to a particular embodiment.

The detectors 114, 116 may be positioned such that the first detector114 is upstream (specifically, upstream during exhalation) from thefirst structure 108 and the second detector 116 is downstream(specifically, downstream during exhalation) from the first structure108, as is shown in FIG. 1. However, other configurations of detectorsmay be desirable based on a particular embodiment.

The apparatus 100 may further comprise an insulator 118 arranged tothermally insulate at least a portion of the device 102 from the nasalpassage of the ruminant. Although the insulator 118 is shown as beingintegral to the device 102 in FIG. 1, in some embodiments it may becompletely or partially separate. For example, the insulator 118 may insome embodiments be a separate element that may fit in the nasal passageof the ruminant, wherein the device 102 may be configured to fit insidethe insulator 118. In another embodiment, the insulator may comprise twoseparate pieces, such as a first piece that fits in the nasal passage ofthe ruminant, and a second piece that lines the outside of the device102, wherein the device 102 may be configured to fit inside the firstpiece of the insulator. There are many ways in which the insulator maybe configured relative to the device 102, and one skilled in the art mayadapt the design according to a particular embodiment.

The apparatus 100 may further include one or more springs or othermechanical devices configured to hold the apparatus 100 in place in thenasal passage of the ruminant. In some embodiments the size of theapparatus 100 may be selected such that no such springs or othermechanical devices are necessary for holding the apparatus 100 in place.In some embodiments the apparatus 100 may be at least partiallyenveloped in a material configured to expand responsive to moisture tohold the apparatus 100 in place.

The device 102 is shown relative to a ruminant 202 in FIG. 2, where inthis embodiment the ruminant is a cow. Although only one device 102 isshown, in some embodiments a device 102 may be fitted to each of theanimal's nostrils.

Although the device 102 is shown in FIG. 2 as being configured to fitinside the nasal passage of the ruminant, in other embodiments thedevice 102 may be configured in a different way. For example, in someembodiments the device 102 may be attachable to the nasal septum of aruminant, similar to the nose ring of a cow. In such an embodiment, thedevice 102 may be configured similarly to the embodiment shown inFIG. 1. In other embodiments, a device may be attachable to the nasalseptum of a ruminant and be configured to ignite in the presence ofmethane gas.

In one embodiment the first structure 108 configured to oxidize methanegas includes a first substrate 302, a first washcoat support 304 inintimate contact with the first substrate 302, and a first catalyst 306(such as a noble metal) carried by the first washcoat support 304. Thesubstrate 302 may include, for example, a ceramic, a metal, and/or adifferent material. The first washcoat support 304 may include alumina,silica, and/or a different material. The first catalyst 306 may includepalladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir),combinations thereof, and/or a different material. In some embodimentsthe first substrate 302 may form a substantially honeycomb structure,wherein the honeycomb structure may have, for example, a density between10-100 cells/cm, however the first substrate 302 may form a variety ofdifferent configurations. Different configurations of the firststructure 108 (where the configuration of the substrate 302 may besubstantially equivalent to the configuration of the first structure108) have been described with respect to FIG. 1. Examples of the type ofconfiguration of FIG. 3 are described in U.S. Patent Application No.2004/0192546 to Dang et al., entitled CATALYST FOR THE LOW TEMPERATUREOXIDATION OF METHANE, which is incorporated herein by reference, and inU.S. Pat. No. 5,741,467 to Burton et al., entitled PALLADIUM CATALYSTWASHCOAT SUPPORTS FOR IMPROVED METHANE OXIDATION IN NATURAL GASAUTOMOTIVE EMITION CATALYSTS, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Although FIG. 3 shows the catalyst 306 as being small particles, this isfor illustrative purposes only, and there are other ways that thecatalyst 306 may be distributed on the washcoat support 304. Forexample, the catalyst 306 may form a substantially thin film on thewashcoat support 304, may be distributed throughout the washcoat support304 instead of just on the surface, and/or may be distributed in adifferent way.

The apparatus 100 may further comprise circuitry 402, shown in FIG. 4,operably connected to the first structure 108 to control the oxidationof the methane gas. In some embodiments, the circuitry 402 may beconfigured to receive a signal from the first and second detectors 114,116, and may further be configured to determine a difference between thesignal from the first detector 114 and the signal from the seconddetector 116. The apparatus 100 may further comprise a storage medium404. The storage medium 404 may be operably connected to the circuitry402, wherein the storage medium 404 may be configured to store thesignals from the first and second detectors 114, 116, and/or it may beconfigured to store the determined difference between the signal fromthe first detector 114 and the signal from the second detector 116. Thestorage medium may include one or more mechanisms by which a user mayretrieve information from it, including but not limited to an RFID, aremovable disk, and/or another mechanism. In some embodiments thecircuitry 402 may be further configured to determine an amount ofmethane oxidized based on the received signals from the first and secondmethane detectors 114, 116. The apparatus 100 may further comprise atransmitter 406, wherein the transmitter 406 may be operably connectedto the circuitry 402, the transmitter 406 being configured to send thesignals from the first and second detectors 114, 116, and/or it may beconfigured to send a first signal corresponding to the determined amountof methane oxidized.

In some embodiments the device 102 may be associated with anidentification, wherein the identification may correspond to theruminant 202, the device 102, the location of the ruminant 202, and/oran entity associated with the ruminant 202 (such as a farm that owns thecow, a field or building number within the farm, or another entity thatmay be associated with and/or identify the ruminant). The identificationmay be a name, a number, or a different identifier. The identificationmay be included with information sent, received, stored, or otherwiseused in relation to the device 102. For example, with reference to FIG.4, the circuitry may be configured to receive and/or send theidentification along with other signals related to the ruminant 202.Similarly, the storage medium 404 may be configured to store theidentification along with other information related to the ruminant, inparticular, information related to the oxidation of methane.

The apparatus may further comprise a tracker 412 configured to determinethe location of the ruminant. The tracker 412 may include, for example,a GPS receiver and/or a different device for determining the location ofthe ruminant. The tracker 412 may be configured to produce theidentification as described previously, and/or may be operably connectedto one or more of the elements corresponding to the device 102, such asthe circuitry 402, the storage medium 404, the transmitter 406, and/oranother element, wherein the elements may be configured to send and/orreceive information produced by the tracker 412.

In some embodiments the circuitry 402 may be configured to determine anamount of methane oxidized by the device 102. For example, in oneembodiment the first detector 114 may be configured to determine anamount of methane in the un-oxidized ruminant exhalation (examples ofmeasurements of the un-oxidized ruminant exhalation have been describedwith respect to FIG. 1), and the second detector 116 may be configuredto determine an amount of methane in the ruminant exhalation after theoxidation. The first and second detectors 114, 116 may send signals tothe circuitry 402, and the circuitry 402 may determine the amount ofmethane oxidized by determining a difference between the detectedamounts of methane.

In some embodiments, only one measurement may be used to determine theamount of methane oxidized. For example, the amount of methane in theun-oxidized ruminant exhalation may be pre-determined, and the circuitry402 may only receive a signal indicating the amount of methane in theoxidized ruminant exhalation.

In some embodiments, the circuitry 402 may be further configured todetermine an amount of a methane oxidation product produced by themethane oxidations such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, or adifferent product. This may be deduced according to the amount ofmethane oxidized or it may be measured directly, wherein the measurementmay be similar to those previously described for methane oxidation.Further, in some embodiments the amount of methane oxidized may bedetermined according to measurements of a methane oxidation product. Forexample, where the first and second detectors 114, 116 are configured todetect carbon dioxide, the circuitry 402 may be configured to infer anamount of methane oxidized based on the amount of carbon dioxideproduced.

In some embodiments the circuitry 402 may be further configured todetermine a time interval associated with the amount of methaneoxidized. For example, the first and second detectors 114, 116 may beconfigured to send one or more signals corresponding to the time and/ortime duration at/during which a measurement was obtained, wherein thecircuitry may determine a corresponding time and/or time intervalassociated with a measurement corresponding to methane oxidation. Or,the circuitry may be configured with a clock and may be furtherconfigured to determine the time at which a signal is received (forexample, from the first and/or second detectors 114, 116) and/or todetermine a time duration during which a measurement was performed.There are many ways in which the circuitry 402, detectors 114, 116,and/or other elements may be configured in order to determine and/orassociate a time and/or time duration of a measurement, and one skilledin the art may adapt the configuration to a particular embodiment.

The apparatus may further comprise a heating element 410 arranged toheat the first structure, where the heating element may be an electricalresistance heater or other type of heater, and may further comprisecircuitry 402 arranged to control the heating element 410 and/or a powersupply 408 arranged to provide power to the heating element 410. In someembodiments the power supply 408 may include a battery, wherein thebattery may be rechargeable. In some embodiments the power supply 408may be further configured to receive energy from the ruminantexhalation. In some embodiments the power supply 408 may be configuredto be mounted at a location different from the device 102, such as onthe ruminant or in a different location.

The apparatus may further comprise a heat sensor 414 arranged to measurea temperature proximate to the first structure and/or a fan 420 arrangedto transfer heat away from the device 102. Although a fan 420 is shownin FIG. 4 as the device configured to transfer heat away from the device102, in other embodiments this may be accomplished by one or more heatpipes or other devices. In some embodiments, the heating element 410,the heat sensor 414, the fan 420, and the circuitry 402 may beincorporated together such that the first structure 108 is configured toheat to a certain temperature, wherein the heating element 410 mayautomatically turn off when the first structure 108 reaches the desiredtemperature. Further, the fan 420 may be configured to turn onautomatically if the first structure 108 exceeds a certain temperature.In some embodiments, the fan 420 may be configured to be on during asubstantial percentage of time when the device 102 is in use. The fan420 may be used to expel the ruminant exhalation 104 from the devicewith a greater force than would occur without the fan, and/or mayotherwise be used to regulate the flow of the ruminant exhalation 104through the device.

In some embodiments, heat regulation of the first structure 108 (via theheating element 410, the fan 420; monitored via the heat sensor 414;and/or including one or more other elements conducive to heat regulationof the device) may be responsive to the methane oxidation by the device.For example, the oxidation of the methane may be monitored by detectors114, 116, and the circuitry 402 may be configured to determine absoluteor relative rates of methane oxidation. The rates of methane oxidationmay then be altered by altering the temperature of the first structure108, wherein the process may be automated via the circuitry 402, and/ormay receive user input to aid in determining changes in temperature.These changes may, in some embodiments, be performed iteratively, i.e.:change temperature; determine new rate of methane oxidation; changetemperature again based on new rate of methane oxidation, and etc. untilthe desired rate of methane oxidation is achieved.

In some embodiments, heat regulation of the first structure 108 may beresponsive to the detection of methane or another substance in theruminant exhalation 104. For example, the detector 114 may be positionedupstream (specifically, upstream during exhalation) of the firststructure 108 and may be configured to detect a threshold level ofmethane in the ruminant exhalation 104, wherein the circuitry 402 may beresponsive to the positive detection of the threshold level of methaneto heat the first structure 108 (via the elements as described above)such that it may oxidize the methane in the ruminant exhalation.

Methane oxidation rates may further be controlled by a shutter or flowcontrol device 418, which may be configured to adjust the flow of theruminant exhalation through the first structure 108 and/or to adjust theexposure of the first structure 108 to the ruminant exhalation 104. Theshutter or flow control device 418 may be operably connected to thecircuitry 402 as described previously for the elements conducive to heatregulation, wherein the circuitry may change the flow of the ruminantexhalation 104 through the first structure 108 according to the rate ofmethane oxidation.

In some embodiments, the heat sensor 414 may be configured to determinetemperature proximate to the device 102, and the apparatus 100 mayfurther comprise a meter 416 configured to determine a volume ofruminant exhalation expelled through the nasal passage of the ruminant,and the circuitry 402 may be configured to determine an amount ofmethane oxidized based on the determined temperature and volume ofruminant exhalation expelled.

Although the circuitry 402 is shown in FIG. 4 as a single unit, indifferent embodiments the circuitry 402 may include several differentunits, where the different units may have the same, different, orsimilar functions. For example, in one embodiment one unit of circuitrymay be incorporated with and operably connected to the detectors 114,116, while a separate unit of circuitry may be incorporated with andoperably connected to the heating element 410. Other embodiments mayinclude more than two units of circuitry. There are many ways ofincorporating the circuitry in a system and one skilled in the art mayarrange the circuitry 402 according to a particular application.

One or more of the elements as shown and described with respect to FIGS.1-4 may be configured to send one or more signals, to other elements ofthe apparatus 100 and/or to one or more locations different from theapparatus. For example, as described previously, the circuitry 402 maybe configured to send and/or receive one or more signals from thestorage medium 404. Further, the circuitry 402 and/or the storage medium404 may be configured to send one or more signals to one or morelocations separate from the apparatus, such as a central processorconfigured to receive signals from many ruminants outfitted with theapparatus 100 in a certain geographical area. The signals may be sentelectronically, wirelessly, optically such as via an optical fiber,and/or in another way. There are many ways of configuring the apparatus100 such that the elements of the apparatus 100 may transmit signals toeach other and/or to one or more locations external to the apparatus,and one skilled in the art may adapt the mode of transmission of signalsaccording to their particular application.

Although some of the elements of FIG. 4 are shown as being integral tothe device 102 (such as the tracker 412, meter 416, etc.) and someelements are shown as being substantially outside the device (such asthe circuitry 402, storage medium 404, etc.), whether an element isincorporated within the device 102 or external to and/or separate fromthe device 102 may depend on the application and factors such as thesize of the element, benefits from proximity of different elements, etc.

Although FIG. 4 includes many elements, some embodiments may not includeall of the elements as shown. For example, in a very simple embodiment,the device 102 may include the first structure 108 and the heatingelement 410, where the heating element may be configured to heat thefirst structure 108. In this embodiment, the heating element 410 may beconfigured to heat to a certain temperature and/or may include circuitry402 configured to control the heating element 410.

In one embodiment, depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 5 (wherein themethod may be performed with the apparatus 100 as described with respectto FIGS. 1-4), a method comprises (502) receiving a ruminant exhalationin a first region of the nasal passage of a ruminant (wherein the firstregion may include at least a portion of a region of the first structure108), and (504) oxidizing methane gas in the ruminant exhalation atleast partially within the first region of the nasal passage of theruminant.

In some embodiments, the method may further comprise detecting thepresence of a first methane oxidation product in an un-oxidized portionof the ruminant exhalation, and may further comprise sending a signalcorresponding to the detected presence of the first methane oxidationproduct in an un-oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation. In someembodiments, detecting the presence of a first methane oxidation productin an un-oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation may includedetecting the presence of the first methane oxidation product in theruminant exhalation prior to oxidizing the methane in the ruminantexhalation.

The method may further comprise detecting the presence of the firstmethane oxidation product in the ruminant exhalation after oxidizing themethane in the ruminant exhalation, and sending a signal, the signalcorresponding to the detected presence of the first methane oxidationproduct in the ruminant exhalation after oxidizing the methane in theruminant exhalation.

The method may further comprise determining a difference between thedetected amount of the first methane oxidation product in theun-oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation and the detected amountof the first methane oxidation product in the ruminant exhalation afteroxidizing the methane in the ruminant exhalation. The method may furthercomprise determining an amount of methane oxidized based on thedetermined difference between the detected amount of the first methaneoxidation product in the un-oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalationto the detected amount of the first methane oxidation product in theruminant exhalation after oxidizing the methane in the ruminantexhalation. The method may further comprise determining an amount of asecond methane oxidation product produced based on the determineddifference between the detected amount of the first methane oxidationproduct in the ruminant exhalation prior to oxidizing the methane in theruminant exhalation to the detected amount of the first methaneoxidation product in the ruminant exhalation after oxidizing the methanein the ruminant exhalation, wherein the first methane oxidation productmay be different from the second methane oxidation product.

In one embodiment, depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 6, a methodcomprises (602) receiving a first input signal corresponding to a firstmeasurement of a ruminant exhalation, the first measurementcorresponding to an un-oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation,(604) receiving a second input signal corresponding to a secondmeasurement of a ruminant exhalation, the second measurementcorresponding to an oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation, and(606) producing a first output signal based on a difference between thefirst input signal and the second input signal. The method may beperformed, for example, with the circuitry 402 as shown and describedwith respect to FIG. 4. The first and/or second measurements of aruminant exhalation may correspond to first and/or second detectedlevels of the ruminant exhalation. For example, the “measurement” maynot determine an absolute quantity but may simply correspond to adetected level, which may be compared with other detected levelsobtained in a similar way.

In some embodiments producing a first output signal based on adifference between the first input signal and the second input signalmay include determining an amount of methane oxidized during theoxidation of the exhalation, wherein the output signal may includeinformation related to the determined amount of methane oxidized duringthe oxidation of the exhalation. In some embodiments producing a firstoutput signal based on a difference between the first input signal andthe second input signal may include determining an amount of a methaneoxidation product produced during the oxidation of the exhalation,wherein producing a first output signal based on a difference betweenthe first input signal and the second input signal may further includedetermining a net environmental offset corresponding to the amount ofmethane oxidized and the amount of the methane oxidation productproduced. The method may further comprise associating a monetary valueto the determined net environmental offset.

In one embodiment, depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 7, a methodcomprises (702) receiving a first input signal corresponding to adifference between a first measurement of a ruminant exhalation obtainedprior to oxidation of the exhalation and a second measurement of aruminant exhalation obtained after oxidation of the exhalation, and(704) producing a first output signal based on the received first inputsignal and corresponding to an amount of methane oxidized in theoxidation of the exhalation. In some embodiments, the first input signalmay correspond to an on state, and the method may further comprisereceiving a second input signal corresponding to a difference between athird measurement of a ruminant exhalation obtained prior to oxidationof the exhalation and a fourth measurement of a ruminant exhalationobtained after oxidation of the exhalation, the second input, signalcorresponding to an off state. Producing a first output signal mayfurther include producing the first output signal based on the receivedfirst signal and the received second signal.

In some embodiments, the first input signal may correspond to a firstruminant, and the method may further comprise receiving a second inputsignal corresponding to a difference between a third measurement of aruminant exhalation obtained prior to oxidation of the exhalation and afourth measurement of a ruminant exhalation obtained after oxidation ofthe exhalation, the second input signal corresponding to a secondruminant different from the first ruminant. The method may furthercomprise producing a second output signal based on the received secondinput signal.

In some embodiments the method may further comprise receiving a secondinput signal corresponding to a difference between a third measurementof a ruminant exhalation obtained prior to oxidation of the exhalationand a fourth measurement of a ruminant exhalation obtained afteroxidation of the exhalation, wherein the first input signal correspondsto a first time and the second input signal corresponds to a second timedifferent from the first time, and producing the first output signalbased on the received first and second input signals and correspondingto an amount of methane oxidized, and further corresponding to a timedifference between the first time and the second time.

In one embodiment, depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 8, a methodcomprises (802) receiving a first input signal corresponding to a firstmeasurement of a ruminant exhalation obtained after oxidation, within anasal passage of the ruminant, of the exhalation, and (804) producing afirst output signal based on the received first input signal andcorresponding to an amount of methane oxidized in the oxidation of theexhalation.

In one embodiment, depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 9, a methodcomprises (902) detecting a post-oxidation level of methane exiting aruminant, and (904) responsive to the detecting, producing an indicatorof the post-oxidation level. In some embodiments, the indicator mayinclude a visible indicia of an accepted level, an electromagneticsignal, and/or a different indicator.

Each of the method as described herein may be performed with one or moreother methods described herein and /or one or more methods for using theapparatus as described with respect to FIGS. 1-4. Further, many of themethods as described herein, including methods for using the apparatusas described with respect to FIGS. 1-4, may be followed by sending asignal corresponding to one or more results obtained in executing themethod.

Those having skill in the art will recognize that the state of the arthas progressed to the point where there is little distinction leftbetween hardware, software, and/or firmware implementations of aspectsof systems; the use of hardware, software, and/or firmware is generally(but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardwareand software can become significant) a design choice representing costvs. efficiency tradeoffs. Those having skill in the art will appreciatethat there are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/orother technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware,software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will varywith the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or othertechnologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determinesthat speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for amainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibilityis paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly softwareimplementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt forsome combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Hence, thereare several possible vehicles by which the processes and/or devicesand/or other technologies described herein may be effected, none ofwhich is inherently superior to the other in that any vehicle to beutilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehiclewill be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, orpredictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary. Those skilledin the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations willtypically employ optically-oriented hardware, software, and or firmware.

In some implementations described herein, logic and similarimplementations may include software or other control structures.Electronic circuitry, for example, may have one or more paths ofelectrical current constructed and arranged to implement variousfunctions as described herein. In some implementations, one or moremedia may be configured to bear a device-detectable implementation whensuch media hold or transmit a device detectable instructions operable toperform as described herein. In some variants, for example,implementations may include an update or modification of existingsoftware or firmware, or of gate arrays or programmable hardware, suchas by performing a reception of or a transmission of one or moreinstructions in relation to one or more operations described herein.Alternatively or additionally, in some variants, an implementation mayinclude special-purpose hardware, software, firmware components, and/orgeneral-purpose components executing or otherwise invokingspecial-purpose components. Specifications or other implementations maybe transmitted by one or more instances of tangible transmission mediaas described herein, optionally by packet transmission or otherwise bypassing through distributed media at various times.

Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include executing aspecial-purpose instruction sequence or invoking circuitry for enabling,triggering, coordinating, requesting, or otherwise causing one or moreoccurrences of virtually any functional operations described herein. Insome variants, operational or other logical descriptions herein may beexpressed as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked as anexecutable instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example,implementations may be provided, in whole or in part, by source code,such as C++, or other code sequences. In other implementations, sourceor other code implementation, using commercially available and/ortechniques in the art, may be compiled/implemented/translated/convertedinto a high-level descriptor language (e.g., initially implementingdescribed technologies in C or C++ programming language and thereafterconverting the programming language implementation into alogic-synthesizable language implementation, a hardware descriptionlanguage implementation, a hardware design simulation implementation,and/or other such similar mode(s) of expression). For example, some orall of a logical expression (e.g., computer programming languageimplementation) may be manifested as a Verilog-type hardware description(e.g., via Hardware Description Language (HDL) and/or Very High SpeedIntegrated Circuit Hardware Descriptor Language (VHDL)) or othercircuitry model which may then be used to create a physicalimplementation having hardware (e.g., an Application Specific IntegratedCircuit). Those skilled in the art will recognize how to obtain,configure, and optimize suitable transmission or computational elements,material supplies, actuators, or other structures in light of theseteachings.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts,and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/orexamples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will beunderstood by those within the art that each function and/or operationwithin such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented,individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software,firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment,several portions of the subject matter described herein may beimplemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), orother integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art willrecognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, inwhole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integratedcircuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or morecomputers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computersystems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors(e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors),as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designingthe circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmwarewould be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light ofthis disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capableof being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, andthat an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described hereinapplies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium usedto actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearingmedium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable typemedium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), aDigital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and atransmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analogcommunication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wiredcommunications link, a wireless communication link (e.g., transmitter,receiver, transmission logic, reception logic, etc.), etc.).

In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious embodiments described herein can be implemented, individuallyand/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systemshaving a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software,firmware, and/or virtually any combination thereof; and a wide range ofcomponents that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigidbodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, electro-magneticallyactuated devices, and/or virtually any combination thereof Consequently,as used herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, but is not limitedto, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., anactuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, a Micro Electro MechanicalSystem (MEMS), etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discreteelectrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integratedcircuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specificintegrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purposecomputing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a generalpurpose computer configured by a computer program which at leastpartially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or amicroprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partiallycarries out processes and/or devices described herein), electricalcircuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of memory (e.g., randomaccess, flash, read only, etc.)), electrical circuitry forming acommunications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch,optical-electrical equipment, etc.), and/or any non-electrical analogthereto, such as optical or other analogs. Those skilled in the art willalso appreciate that examples of electro-mechanical systems include butare not limited to a variety of consumer electronics systems, medicaldevices, as well as other systems such as motorized transport systems,factory automation systems, security systems, and/orcommunication/computing systems. Those skilled in the art will recognizethat electro-mechanical as used herein is not necessarily limited to asystem that has both electrical and mechanical actuation except ascontext may dictate otherwise.

In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious aspects described herein which can be implemented, individuallyand/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware,and/or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed ofvarious types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein“electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electricalcircuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electricalcircuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitryhaving at least one application specific integrated circuit, electricalcircuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by acomputer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by acomputer program which at least partially carries out processes and/ordevices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computerprogram which at least partially carries out processes and/or devicesdescribed herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g.,forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), and/orelectrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem,communications switch, optical-electrical equipment, etc.). Those havingskill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described hereinmay be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combinationthereof.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that at least a portion of thedevices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into animage processing system. Those having skill in the art will recognizethat a typical image processing system generally includes one or more ofa system unit housing, a video display device, memory such as volatileor non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors or digitalsignal processors, computational entities such as operating systems,drivers, applications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., atouch pad, a touch screen, an antenna, etc.), control systems includingfeedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing lensposition and/or velocity; control motors for moving/distorting lenses togive desired focuses). An image processing system may be implementedutilizing suitable commercially available components, such as thosetypically found in digital still systems and/or digital motion systems.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that at least a portion of thedevices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a dataprocessing system. Those having skill in the art will recognize that adata processing system generally includes one or more of a system unithousing, a video display device, memory such as volatile or non-volatilememory, processors such as microprocessors or digital signal processors,computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphicaluser interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interactiondevices (e.g., a touch pad, a touch screen, an antenna, etc.), and/orcontrol systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g.,feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for movingand/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A data processing systemmay be implemented utilizing suitable commercially available components,such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/ornetwork computing/communication systems.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the artto implement devices and/or processes and/or systems, and thereafter useengineering and/or other practices to integrate such implemented devicesand/or processes and/or systems into more comprehensive devices and/orprocesses and/or systems. That is, at least a portion of the devicesand/or processes and/or systems described herein can be integrated intoother devices and/or processes and/or systems via a reasonable amount ofexperimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize thatexamples of such other devices and/or processes and/or systems mightinclude—as appropriate to context and application—all or part of devicesand/or processes and/or systems of (a) an air conveyance (e.g., anairplane, rocket, helicopter, etc.), (b) a ground conveyance (e.g., acar, truck, locomotive, tank, armored personnel carrier, etc.), (c) abuilding (e.g., a home, warehouse, office, etc.), (d) an appliance(e.g., a refrigerator, a washing machine, a dryer, etc.), (e) acommunications system (e.g., a networked system, a telephone system, aVoice over IP system, etc.), (f) a business entity (e.g., an InternetService Provider (ISP) entity such as Comcast Cable, Qwest, SouthwesternBell, etc.), or (g) a wired/wireless services entity (e.g., Sprint,Cingular, Nextel, etc.), etc.

In certain cases, use of a system or method may occur in a territoryeven if components are located outside the territory. For example, in adistributed computing context, use of a distributed computing system mayoccur in a territory even though parts of the system may be locatedoutside of the territory (e.g., relay, server, processor, signal-bearingmedium, transmitting computer, receiving computer, etc. located outsidethe territory).

A sale of a system or method may likewise occur in a territory even ifcomponents of the system or method are located and/or used outside theterritory.

Further, implementation of at least part of a system for performing amethod in one territory does not preclude use of the system in anotherterritory.

All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications,U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applicationsand non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/orlisted in any Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein byreference, to the extent not inconsistent herewith.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein describedcomponents (e.g., operations), devices, objects, and the discussionaccompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptualclarity and that various configuration modifications are contemplated.Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and theaccompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their moregeneral classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar is intended tobe representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of specificcomponents (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should not be takenlimiting.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that “user” may berepresentative of a human user, a robotic user (e.g., computationalentity), and/or substantially any combination thereof (e.g., a user maybe assisted by one or more robotic agents) unless context dictatesotherwise. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in general,the same may be said of “sender” and/or other entity-oriented terms assuch terms are used herein unless context dictates otherwise.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singularterms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from theplural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as isappropriate to the context and/or application. The varioussingular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sakeof clarity.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates differentcomponents contained within, or connected with, different othercomponents. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures aremerely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures may beimplemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense,any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality iseffectively “associated” such that the desired functionality isachieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve aparticular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each othersuch that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective ofarchitectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components soassociated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or“operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality,and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewedas being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desiredfunctionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but arenot limited to physically mateable and/or physically interactingcomponents, and/or wirelessly interactable, and/or wirelesslyinteracting components, and/or logically interacting, and/or logicallyinteractable components.

In some instances, one or more components may be referred to herein as“configured to,” “configured by,” “configurable to,” “operable/operativeto,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc.Those skilled in the art will recognize that such terms (e.g.“configured to”) can generally encompass active-state components and/orinactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unlesscontext requires otherwise.

While particular aspects of the present subject matter described hereinhave been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled inthe art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modificationsmay be made without departing from the subject matter described hereinand its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are toencompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as arewithin the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein.It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, termsused herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of theappended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term“including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” theterm “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term“includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,”etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if aspecific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such anintent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence ofsuch recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid tounderstanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of theintroductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claimrecitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed toimply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinitearticles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing suchintroduced claim recitation to claims containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “atleast one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use ofdefinite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, evenif a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitlyrecited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitationshould typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number(e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without othermodifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or morerecitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a conventionanalogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in generalsuch a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the artwould understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one ofA, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have Aalone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where aconvention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, ingeneral such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill inthe art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at leastone of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that haveA alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be furtherunderstood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive wordand/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in thedescription, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplatethe possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, orboth terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “Aor B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A”or “B” or “A and B.”

With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art willappreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed inany order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in asequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may beperformed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may beperformed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may includeoverlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental,preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variantorderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like“responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives aregenerally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictatesotherwise.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopeand spirit being indicated by the following claims.

1. An apparatus comprising: a device suitable for retention in a nasalpassage of a ruminant, the device being arranged to pass a ruminantexhalation, the device including a first structure configured to oxidizemethane gas in the ruminant exhalation, the device being furtherarranged to pass products of the oxidized methane gas toward a nasalpassage exit.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first structureconfigured to oxidize methane gas includes a catalyst arranged tooxidize the methane gas.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the firststructure configured to oxidize methane gas further includes: a firstsubstrate; and a first washcoat support in intimate contact with thefirst substrate, wherein the catalyst is carried by the washcoatsupport.
 4. (canceled)
 5. (canceled)
 6. The apparatus of claim 3 whereinthe first substrate forms a substantially honeycomb structure. 7.(canceled)
 8. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the substrate forms aspiral coil.
 9. (canceled)
 10. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein thecatalyst includes a noble metal.
 11. (canceled)
 12. (canceled) 13.(canceled)
 14. (canceled)
 15. (canceled)
 16. (canceled)
 17. Theapparatus of claim 2 further comprising: a shutter arranged relative tothe first structure to control an exposure of the catalyst to theruminant exhalation.
 18. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: afirst methane detector supported by the device and arranged to detect anamount of methane proximate to a first location on the device. 19.(canceled)
 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. The apparatus of claim 18wherein the first location is selected such that the first methanedetector is arranged to detect an amount of methane in a portion of theruminant exhalation that bypasses the first structure.
 23. The apparatusof claim 18 wherein the first structure has an on state and an offstate, and wherein the first methane detector is arranged to detect anamount of methane when the first structure is in the off state. 24.(canceled)
 25. (canceled)
 26. The apparatus of claim 18 furthercomprising: a second methane detector supported by the device andarranged to detect an amount of methane proximate to a second locationon the device, the second location being different from the firstlocation.
 27. (canceled)
 28. (canceled)
 29. The apparatus of claim 26further comprising: circuitry configured to receive a signal from thefirst and second methane detectors.
 30. The apparatus of claim 29further comprising: a storage medium operably connected to thecircuitry.
 31. (canceled)
 32. The apparatus of claim 29 furthercomprising: a transmitter operably connected to the circuitry andconfigured to send the signals from the first and second methanedetectors.
 33. (canceled)
 34. (canceled)
 35. (canceled)
 36. Theapparatus of claim 29 wherein the circuitry is further configured todetermine an amount of methane oxidized based on the received signalsfrom the first and second methane detectors.
 37. The apparatus of claim36 further comprising: a transmitter operably connected to thecircuitry, the transmitter being configured to send a first signalcorresponding to the determined amount of methane oxidized.
 38. Theapparatus of claim 37 wherein the device is associated with anidentification, and wherein the transmitter is further configured toinclude the identification in the first signal.
 39. The apparatus ofclaim 37 further comprising: a tracker configured to determine thelocation of the ruminant, the tracker being operably connected to thetransmitter; and wherein the transmitter is further configured toinclude information from the tracker in the first signal.
 40. Theapparatus of claim 36 wherein the circuitry is further configured todetermine a time interval associated with the amount of methaneoxidized.
 41. (canceled)
 42. (canceled)
 43. The apparatus of claim 1further comprising: a first detector supported by the device andarranged to detect an amount of a methane oxidation product proximate toa first location on the device.
 44. (canceled)
 45. The apparatus ofclaim 43 wherein the methane oxidation product includes carbon dioxide.46. (canceled)
 47. (canceled)
 48. (canceled)
 49. (canceled) 50.(canceled)
 51. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: an insulatorarranged to thermally insulate at least a portion of the device from thenasal passage of the ruminant.
 52. The apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising: circuitry operably connected to the first structure tocontrol the oxidation of the methane gas.
 53. The apparatus of claim 1further comprising: a flow control device arranged proximate to thefirst structure and configured to adjust the flow of the ruminantexhalation through the first structure.
 54. The apparatus of claim 1further comprising: a heating element arranged to heat the firststructure.
 55. The apparatus of claim 54 further comprising: circuitryconfigured to control the heating element.
 56. The apparatus of claim 54further comprising: a power supply configured to provide power to theheating element.
 57. (canceled)
 58. (canceled)
 59. (canceled) 60.(canceled)
 61. (canceled)
 62. (canceled)
 63. The apparatus of claim 1further comprising: a heat sensor arranged to measure a temperatureproximate to the first structure.
 64. The apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising: a fan arranged to transfer heat away from the device. 65.The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a heat pipe arranged totransfer heat away from the device.
 66. (canceled)
 67. (canceled) 68.(canceled)
 69. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the device is associatedwith an identification, and wherein the apparatus further comprises:circuitry operably connected to the device and configured to send asignal including information corresponding to the identification. 70.The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a tracker configured todetermine a location of the ruminant.
 71. The apparatus of claim 70further comprising: circuitry operably connected to the tracker andconfigured to send a signal corresponding to the location of theruminant.
 72. (canceled)
 73. The apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising: a heat sensor configured to determine a temperatureproximate to the first structure; a meter configured to determine anamount of ruminant exhalation proximate to the first structure; andcircuitry configured to determine an amount of methane oxidized based onthe determined temperature and amount of ruminant exhalation proximateto the first structure.
 74. (canceled)
 75. (canceled)
 76. The apparatusof claim 1 further comprising: circuitry configured to determine anamount of methane oxidized by the device and configured to generate anoutput signal responsive to the determined amount.
 77. (canceled) 78.The apparatus of claim 76 further comprising: a storage medium operablyconnected to the circuitry, the storage medium being configured to storedata corresponding to at least one of an amount of methane detected, anamount of methane oxidation product detected, and a determined amount ofmethane oxidized.
 79. The apparatus of claim 76 further comprising: atransmitter operably connected to the circuitry, the transmitter beingconfigured to send a signal corresponding to at least one of an amountof methane detected, an amount of methane oxidation product detected,and a determined amount of methane oxidized.
 80. The apparatus of claim79 wherein the transmitter is configured to send the signal using atleast one of physical data storage media, wireless signal transmission,and a physical signal transmission media.
 81. A method comprising:receiving a ruminant exhalation in a first region of the nasal passageof a ruminant; and oxidizing methane gas in the ruminant exhalation atleast partially within the first region of the nasal passage of theruminant.
 82. The method of claim 81 further comprising: detecting thepresence of methane in an un-oxidized portion of the ruminantexhalation.
 83. (canceled)
 84. (canceled)
 85. (canceled)
 86. (canceled)87. The method of claim 82 wherein detecting the presence of methane inan un-oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation includes: detecting athreshold level of methane in the ruminant exhalation; and wherein theoxidizing methane gas in the ruminant exhalation at least partiallywithin the first region of the nasal passage of the ruminant isresponsive to the detected threshold level of methane in the ruminantexhalation.
 88. (canceled)
 89. (canceled)
 90. (canceled)
 91. (canceled)92. (canceled)
 93. (canceled)
 94. (canceled)
 95. (canceled) 96.(canceled)
 97. (canceled)
 98. The method of claim 81 further comprising:measuring a temperature in the first region; and heating the firstregion according to the measured temperature of the first region. 99.(canceled)
 100. (canceled)
 101. (canceled)
 102. The method of claim 81further comprising: detecting the presence of a first methane oxidationproduct after oxidizing at least a portion of the methane in theruminant exhalation.
 103. (canceled)
 104. (canceled)
 105. (canceled)106. (canceled)
 107. The method of claim 102 further comprising:detecting the presence of the first methane oxidation product in anun-oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation.
 108. (canceled) 109.(canceled)
 110. (canceled)
 111. (canceled)
 112. (canceled) 113.(canceled)
 114. (canceled)
 115. (canceled)
 116. The method of claim 81further comprising: sending a signal corresponding to an identifier ofthe ruminant.
 117. (canceled)
 118. The method of claim 81 furthercomprising: determining a location of the ruminant; and sending a signalcorresponding to the determined location of the ruminant.
 119. Themethod of claim 81 further comprising: determining a time correspondingto the oxidation of the methane gas; and sending a signal correspondingto the determined time.
 120. (canceled)
 121. The method of claim 81further comprising: varying the amount of the methane oxidation. 122.The method of claim 121 further comprising: varying the amount of themethane oxidation in response to a measurement of an amount of methaneoxidized.
 123. A method comprising: receiving a first input signalcorresponding to a first measurement of a ruminant exhalation, the firstmeasurement corresponding to an un-oxidized portion of the ruminantexhalation; receiving a second input signal corresponding to a secondmeasurement of a ruminant exhalation, the second measurementcorresponding to an oxidized portion of the ruminant exhalation; andproducing a first output signal based on a difference between the firstinput signal and the second input signal.
 124. (canceled) 125.(canceled)
 126. (canceled)
 127. The method of claim 123 whereinproducing a first output signal based on a difference between the firstinput signal and the second input signal includes: determining an amountof methane oxidized during the oxidation of the exhalation. 128.(canceled)
 129. The method of claim 127 wherein producing a first outputsignal based on a difference between the first input signal and thesecond input signal includes: determining an amount of a methaneoxidation product produced during the oxidation of the exhalation. 130.The method of claim 129 wherein producing a first output signal based ona difference between the first input signal and the second input signalfurther includes: determining a net environmental offset correspondingto the amount of methane oxidized and the amount of the methaneoxidation product produced.
 131. The method of claim 130 furthercomprising: associating a monetary value to the determined netenvironmental offset.
 132. The method of claim 123 further comprising:receiving a third input signal, the third input signal being indicativeof a temperature corresponding to at least one region in which theoxidation of the exhalation occurs; selecting a change in thetemperature corresponding to the at least one region in which theoxidation of the exhalation occurs based on the difference between thefirst and second input signals; and producing the first output signalaccording to the selected change in temperature.
 133. The method ofclaim 123 wherein the first measurement of a ruminant exhalationcorresponds to a first measurement of methane and wherein the secondmeasurement of a ruminant exhalation corresponds to a second measurementof methane.
 134. (canceled)
 135. (canceled)
 136. (canceled) 137.(canceled)
 138. (canceled)
 139. (canceled)
 140. (canceled) 141.(canceled)
 142. (canceled)
 143. (canceled)
 144. (canceled) 145.(canceled)
 146. (canceled)
 147. (canceled)
 148. (canceled) 149.(canceled)
 150. (canceled)
 151. (canceled)
 152. (canceled) 153.(canceled)
 154. (canceled)
 155. (canceled)
 156. (canceled) 157.(canceled)
 158. (canceled)
 159. (canceled)
 160. (canceled) 161.(canceled)
 162. (canceled)
 163. (canceled)
 164. (canceled) 165.(canceled)
 166. (canceled)
 167. (canceled)
 168. (canceled) 169.(canceled)
 170. (canceled)
 171. (canceled)
 172. (canceled) 173.(canceled)
 174. (canceled)
 175. (canceled)
 176. (canceled) 177.(canceled)
 178. (canceled)
 179. (canceled)
 180. (canceled) 181.(canceled)
 182. (canceled)
 183. (canceled)
 184. (canceled) 185.(canceled)
 186. (canceled)
 187. (canceled)
 188. (canceled)